Rechtsstaat from the Perspective of Al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldun
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59683/ijls.v4i1.106Keywords:
Al-Ghazali, Ibn Khaldun, Political Discourse, Civil Society, Legal StateAbstract
The concept of a state is a closely related discourse to the lives of all humanity. However, the Holy Quran and Hadits, as guidance for Muslims, did not mention the specific form and concept of a state. Therefore, this paper will discuss the idea of a state from some Islamic intellectual perspectives, such as al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldun. Both of them were trying to formulate the form and concept of the state. This article uses a qualitative research method with a type of library research. This type of research allows primary data sources to come from books authored by Al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldun. At the same time, secondary data sources come from various articles and other scientific books that can support the author's arguments. To analyze their thought, this article uses comparative analysis; comparative analysis allows researchers to understand how the two thinkers view the concept of the state of law and how their thinking can be compared in different contexts. The results of the study show that Al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldun have similarities in emphasizing the relationship between region and politics, as well as the importance of religious principles in government. They agreed that the government must maintain order and justice. However, the difference lies in the approach and form of government; Al-Ghazali supported the monarchy, while Ibn Khaldun did not specify a specific form as long as it met the criteria for justice. Their thinking can be the basis for understanding the interaction of religion and politics in creating a just system of government. Nevertheless, this paper is limited to the views of Ghazali and ibn Khaldun to understand the thoughts of both without involving experimental empirical methods.
Downloads
References
Al-Ghazali, A. H. (1961). AI-Munqiz min al- Dhalalat. al-Qahirat.
Al-Ghazali, A. H. (1972). Iqtishad fi al- I’tiqad. Mishr: Maktabat al- Jund.
Al-Ghazali, A. H. (1975). Ihya Ulum al-Din. Beirut: Dar al- Fikr.
Al-Maududi, A. A. (1995). Hukum dan Konstitusi Sistem Politik Islam (A. Hikmat (trans.)). Bandung: Mizan.
Al-Qardhawy, Y. (1997). Fiqh Daulah dalam Perspektif al- Qur’an dan Sunnah. Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautsar.
Al-Syaq’ah, M. (1988). Al-Ushus al-Islamiyah fi al- Fikr Ibn Khaldun wa al- Nadhariyatihi. Kairo: Dar al-Misriyat al-Lubnat.
Arifin, S. (2020). the Concept of Ideal Leader in Al-Ghazali’S Thought. Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, 4(1), 84–103. https://doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol4.iss1.art5
Artika, L. … Gusnanda, I. (2023). Biografi Tokoh Tasawuf Al-Ghazali. Jurnal Kajian Penelitian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 1(2), 29–55. https://doi.org/10.59031/jkppk.v1i2.108
Bahar, R., & Soomro, R. B. (2024). Understanding Islam: Through The Lens Of Glorious Qur’an. Al ilm publishing.
Barqi, S. … Irwantoni, I. (2024). Reforming the Parliamentary Threshold in Indonesia’s General Elections: A Legal and Fiqh Siyasah Dusturiyah Perspective. As-Siyasi: Journal of Constitutional Law, 4(2), 112. https://doi.org/10.24042/as-siyasi.v4i2.24326
Damanik, A. (2019). Konsep Negara Menurut Abu A’la al-Maududi. Jurnal Al-Maqasid: Jurnal Kesyariahan Dan Keperdataan, 5(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.24952/almaqasid.v5i1.1720
Endicott, T. (2021). The Purpose of A State. American Journal of Jurisprudence, 66(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajj/auab007
Faylasuf, S. A. (2024). Ikon Peradaban Pemikiran Perang Salib adalah Al Ghazali. Kuliahislam.Com. https://kuliahalislam.com/ikon-peradaban-pemikiran-perang-salib-adalah-al-ghazali/
Fischel, W. J. (2022). Ibn Khaldun in Egypt: His Public Functions and His Historical Research (1382-1406): A Study in Islamic Historiography. Los Angeles: University of California Pres.
Ganjvar, M. (2025). Divine Solidarity with the Oppressed: The Socio-political Implications of Liberation Theology in the Christian-Islamic Tradition. Islamic & Social Sciences, 16(32), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.30471/soci.2025.10501.2027
Garden, K. (2014). The First Islamic Reviver: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and His Revival of the Religious Sciences. 17–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199989621.001.0001
Gerring, J. (2021). Why Monarchy? The Rise and Demise of a Regime Type. Sage Journals, 54, 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020938090
Hadi, F. (2022). Negara Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia (The State Of Law And Human Rights In Indonesia). Wijaya Putra Law Review, 1(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.38156/wplr.v1i2.79
Hitti, P. K. (2024). History of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoratif Sejarah Peradaban Islam (D. S. Riyadi & Q. SF (eds.); R. C. L. Yasin & D. S. Riyadi (trans.); Cetakan I). Jakarta Selatan: Penerbit Qaf.
Hoshimovich, Q. D. (2020). The period in which ghazali lived: the socio-political situation and the spiritual environment. International Journal on Integrated Education, 3(9), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.597
Hosle, V. (2019). Nation, State, Nation-State. An Overview. In S. Zamagni (Ed.), The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences Acta 22 (pp. 28–57). Vatican: Libreria Edictre Vaticana.
Ilhamni, I. … Nazar, Z. (2022). Islamic Political Thought And Its Implementation In The Contemporary World. Islamadina : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 23(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.30595/islamadina.v23i1.10715
Irwin, R. (2018). Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Jessop, B. (2016). The State; Past, Present, Future (1st editio). Malden: Polity Press.
Jones, P. … Boutillier, S. Le. (2016). Pengantar Teori-Teori Sosial (Dari Teori Fungsionaisme hingga Post-modernisme) (Edisi II). Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Kadri, W., & Tumadi, N. H. (2022). Siyasah Syar’iyyah & Fiqh Siyasah. Siyasah: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara, 5(2), 55–65. https://ejournal.an-nadwah.ac.id/index.php/Siyasah/article/view/468
Khaldun, I. (1986). Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun. Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus.
Khoiruddin. (2017). Analisis Teori Ashabiyah Ibn Khaldun Sebagai Model Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Umat. ASAS : Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 8(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.24042/asas.v8i1.1224
Kirabaev, N., & Al-Janabi, M. (2019). Political Philosophy of Al-Ghazali. In Y. Zhang … T. Volodina (Eds.), 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019) (Vol. 329, Issue Iccessh, pp. 61–64). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.16
Machouche, S. … Muslim, F. (2023). Ibn Khaldun’s Guide on How Philosophy Should be Taught to Young Muslims. Sri Jnpg College Revelation A Journal Of Popular Science, 12(2), 27–42. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372683594_Ibn_Khaldun’s_Guide_on_How_Philosophy_Should_be_Taught_to_Young_Muslims
Mahdi, M. (1971). Ibn Khaldun Philosophy of History. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
Mahmud, A. (2019). Jejak Pemikiran Al-Ghazali Dan Ibnu Rusyd Dalam Perkembangan Teologi Islam. Sulesana, 13, 183–198. https://doi.org/10.24252/sulesana.v13i2.13406
Mann, T. (2025). Library Research Methods. Princeton University Library. https://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=84018&p=664971
Merican, A. M. (2022). Ibn Khaldūn’s Biography: Unveiling Global History and The Sociology of Modern Civilization. Al-Shajarah: ISTAC Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 27(2), 210. https://doi.org/10.31436/shajarah.v27i2.1494
Muzakki, A. … Muhammad, M. (2024). Kafaah and Marriage in Jahily and Early Islam (Studies in the History of Islamic Law). Tsaqafah, 20(2), 495–514. https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v20i2.12395
Qayyum, A. (1988). Letters of al- Ghazali (H. Baqir (trans.)). Bandung: Mizan.
Rapung … Abidin, Z. (2022). Unsur-Unsur Negara Perspektif al-Siyasah al-Syar’iyyah. Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam, 4(1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.47435/al-ahkam.v4i1.852
Rolis, M. I., & Harnadi, D. (2021). Terbentuknya Negara dalam Konsep Pemikiran Ibnu Khaldun. Jurnal Review Politik, 11(1), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.15642/jrp.2021.11.1.140-155
Rosenthal, E. L. (1962). Political Thought in Medieval Islam. London: Cambridge University Press.
Safdari, R., & Ehtesham, H. (2025). The essential data elements for developing an internship monitoring system in Health Information Technology. BMC Medical Education, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-06607-4
Sahri, S. (2021). Political thought of Al-Ghazali on Imamah: Debate between theocracy and democracy. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i3.6338
Saleh, H. (2024). Discourse on Cultural Islam and Political Islam in the History of Indonesian Islam. Journal of Islamic History, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.53088/jih.v4i1.685
Sari, R. K. (2021). Library Research in Indonesian Language Education Development Research. Jurnal Borneo Humaniora, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.35334/borneo_humaniora.v4i2.2249
Shihab, M. Q. (1998). Wawasan al-Qur’an. Bandung: Mizan.
Sukrina, A., & Aprison, W. (2024). Human Nature in the View of the Philosopher Al-Ghazali. Jurnal Al Burhan, 4(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.58988/jab.v4i1.291
Sulastri, N. (2019). The Concept of State and Government in Ibn Khaldun’s Thought. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 7(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v7i2.5634
Syarif, M. J., & Muhammad, A. A. M. (1978). Al- Fikr al- Siyasi fi al- islam, Dar al- jamiat al- Mishriyat. Iskadariah: Dar al- jamiat al- Mishriyat.
Tahir, T. (2020). the Concept of Maslahah According To Imam Al-Ghazali. Jurnal Al-Dustur : Journal of Politic and Islamic Law, 3(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.30863/jad.v3i1.642
Türker, Ö. (2016). The Nature of Kingship (Mulk) in the Context of Continuity and Change in the Thought of Ibn Khaldun. Journal of Ibn Haldun Studies, Ibn Haldun University, 1(1), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.36657/ihcd.2016.5
Ulum, A. M. (2022). Negara Adil dan Makmur (Refleksi Filsafat Politik Al-Ghazali). Jurnal Pemikiran Politik Islam, 5(1), 139–138. https://doi.org/10.21043/politea.v5i1.14529
Ümütlü, A. Y. (2024). In the Context of War Theories in International Relations, the Causes of Societies’ Defeat and Victory in Ibn Khaldûn’s Philosophy. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(3), 1424–1452. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1471677
Watt, W. M. (1972). Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.
Yuzbekova, K. (2024). Subnational State Unit’s Status: Definition and Methods of Measurement. The Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia, 115(4), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2024-115-4-187-204
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ris'an Rusli, Wijaya, Alfi Julizun Azwar, Devi Aulia Utami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The IJLS content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). Authors retain unrestricted copyright and publishing rights of their articles. Authors grant the Founded by the LETIGES, and published by the NAJAHA Education Development Center (NEDC) in collaboration with APJHI a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any third party the right to use or reuse the article freely if its original authors and citation details are identified.
Self-Archiving
IJLS allows and encourages authors to self-archive their articles on institutional or other specialized repositories, their personal websites and social-networking sites such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu. Authors are advised to use the final PDF version published on the Journal’s website for self-archiving purposes. However, it’s not an obligation and authors are free to use the version they prefere; pre-print, post-print or publisher’s PDF version.
There is no embargo on the self-archiving of articles. Authors are allowed deposition of articles on repositories, personal websites and social-networking sites immediately after publication on the journal website. Accepted manuscripts can be also self-archived by authors.
